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ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of dried fruiting bodies of Fomes officinalis （FOA） against Alzheimer's disease （AD） based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. MethodThe effective components of FOA were retrieved from a Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine （BATMAN-TCM） and previous reports. The targets of the components were searched from PharmMapper and TargetNet， and the targets related to AD from Gene Expression Omnibus （GEO）， DrugBank， among other databases. Thereby， the common targets of FOA and AD were obtained， and the protein-protein interaction （PPI） network and component-target network were established based on STRING and Cytoscape 3.7.1， followed by the topology analysis of the networks， and Gene Ontology （GO） term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis of the common targets. The results were verified by the molecular docking and the in vitro cell experiment. ResultA total of 24 candidate components and 242 predicted targets of FOA， and 96 common targets of FOA and AD were screened out. The key components included ［2-（1-carboxyhexadecylamino）-2-aminosuccinic acid］， 3-keto-dehydrosulfurenic acid， and eburicoic acid， and the active targets were albumin （ALB）， acetylcholinesterase （AChE）， estrogen receptor 1 （ESR1）， cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3 （Caspase-3）， and beta-secretase1 （BACE1）. The common targets were involved in 392 GO terms， and the key terms were the β-amyloid metabolic process and cholinesterase activity. A total of 77 KEGG pathways were obtained， which mainly included estrogen signaling pathway， cholinergic synapse， and AD. The results of molecular docking showed that 7 components of FOA had high binding affinity to amyloid precursor protein （APP）， BACE1， AChE， and Caspase-3. The cell survival rate rose （P<0.01） and the mRNA and protein expression of APP， BACE1， AChE， and Caspase-3 reduced in FOA groups in a dose-dependent manner compared with those in the model group （P<0.05）. ConclusionThis study reveals for the first time that FOA has multi-component， multi-target， and multi-pathway characteristics in the treatment of AD， which serves as a reference for further explaining the mechanism of FOA against AD.
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ObjectiveTo compare the effect of different solvent extracts of spore powder and fruiting body of Lasiosphaera Calvatia on fibroblasts and wound healing of full-thickness skin defect， in order to screen the optimal medication part of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. MethodThe effect of water extract and alcohol extract of spore powder and fruiting body on cell proliferation and cell migration of mouse skin fibroblasts （MSF） were examined in vitro. Cell proliferation and activity test （CCK-8） method was used for cell proliferation， scratch assay was used for cell migration， flow cytometry was conducted to explore cell cycle， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to determine the production of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ. At the same time， a full-thickness skin defect wound model was established to investigate the therapeutic effect of different solvent extracts of spore powder. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to measure the contents of index components in different solvent extracts. ResultThe water extract of spore powder and fruiting body had certain cytotoxicity， while the alcohol extract could promote proliferation， migration and production of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ of MSF， and the effect of spore powder was significantly higher than that of fruiting body. When the concentration was 10 mg·L-1， the cell proliferation rate of alcohol extract of spore powder was as high as （159.22±15.95）%， and could promote MSF from the G0/G1 phase to S phase and G2/M phase with an increased proliferation index. The alcohol extract also promoted the migration of fibroblasts， secreted collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ. On in vivo model， the alcohol extract of spore powder significantly accelerated wound healing on mice， effectively promoted the complete epithelialization of wound tissue， and generated new collagen fiber. The results of determination showed that the contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in the alcohol extract were higher than the alcohol extract of fruiting body. ConclusionThe alcohol extract of spore powder in Lasiosphaera Calvatia has active components in the treatment of wounds with good development prospect， and the medicinal components may be polyphenols and flavonoids.
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Abstract Introduction: Understanding the phenology of plant populations is vital for their conservation and management. We studied the vegetative and reproductive phenology of the endangered palm Ceroxylon quindiuense along an altitudinal gradient in the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Objective: We describe the leaf production rate, and flowering and fruiting cycles, and calculate food offer for the fauna, as a tool for the proper management of the palm. Methods: At each sampling site (2 400, 2 600, 2 800, 3 000 m.a.s.l.), we marked 40 adult individuals (20 pistillate, 20 staminate), which we followed bimonthly for 24 months. We studied leaf production by counting fallen leaves. We followed flower and fruit production through observations with binoculars and photographs. Results: Each adult individual produced, on average, one leaf every 69 days. Although isolated individuals flowered throughout the year, most palms flowered synchronously at each elevation in October 2016-August 2017 and in August 2018-February 2019 and had ripe fruits 7-13 months later. Flowering started at 2 600 m, followed by 2 800 and 3 000 m. Palms at 2 400 m, the lower limit of the palm stands in the area, showed a singular behavior, with scarce flower and fruit production, some individuals that changed sex, and a higher proportion of pistillate palms. Each palm produced 1-11 (x̄ = 5.3, SD = 2.2) inflorescences and 1-10 (x̄ = 5.3, SD = 2.2) infructescences. The average number of fruits per infructescence was 4 465 (SD = 1 488). With an estimated population of adult palms between 256 000 and 600 000 and an overall ratio of pistillate: staminate individuals 1:1 or 1:2, total fruit production in the area during each fruiting period is estimated as 2.0-7.1 billion fruits. Conclusions: The huge number of flowers and fruits and their gradual availability along the altitudinal gradient have a major impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of food offer for fauna associated with the palm.
Resumen Introducción: Comprender la fenología de las poblaciones de plantas es vital para su conservación y manejo. Estudiamos la fenología vegetativa y reproductiva de la palma amenazada Ceroxylon quindiuense a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en la Cordillera Central de Colombia. Objetivo: Describimos la tasa de producción de hojas, los ciclos de floración y fructificación, y calculamos la oferta alimentaria para la fauna, como una herramienta para el adecuado manejo de la palma. Métodos: En cada sitio de muestreo (2 400, 2 600, 2 800, 3 000 m.s.n.m.), marcamos 40 individuos adultos (20 pistilados, 20 estaminados), que seguimos bimestralmente durante 24 meses. Estudiamos la producción de hojas contando las caídas al suelo. Seguimos la producción de flores y frutos a través de observaciones con binoculares y fotografías. Resultados: Cada individuo adulto produjo, en promedio, una hoja cada 69 días. Aunque los individuos aislados florecieron durante todo el año, la mayoría de las palmas florecieron sincrónicamente en cada elevación entre octubre 2016 y agosto 2017 y de agosto 2018 a febrero 2019 y tuvieron frutos maduros entre 7-13 meses después. La floración comenzó a los 2 600 m, seguida de los 2 800 y los 3 000 m. Las palmas a 2 400 m, límite inferior de los palmares de la zona, mostraron un comportamiento singular, con escasa producción de flores y frutos, varios individuos que cambiaron de sexo y una mayor proporción de palmas pistiladas. Cada palma produjo 1-11 (x̄ = 5.3, SD = 2.2) inflorescencias y 1-10 (x̄ = 5.3, SD = 2.2) infrutescencias. El número promedio de frutos por infrutescencia fue de 4 465. Con una población estimada de palmas adultas entre 256 000 y 600 000 y una proporción total de individuos pistilados: estaminados 1:1 o 1:2, la producción total de frutos en el área durante cada período de fructificación se estima en 2.0-7.1 mil millones de frutos. Conclusiones: La gran cantidad de flores y frutos y su progresiva disponibilidad a lo largo del gradiente tienen un impacto importante en la distribución espacial y temporal de la oferta de alimento para la fauna asociada a la palma.
Subject(s)
Arecaceae/growth & development , ColombiaABSTRACT
Aim: Developing high yielding single spore isolates and hybrid strains of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) with superior nutritional composition of the fruiting bodies.Methodology: Two contrasting high yielding strains (DMRO-463 and DMRO-484) of V. volvacea previously released for higher fruiting body yield were used for isolation of single spore isolates (SSIs). The slow growing SSIs were used for developing the hybrid strains by mating on Malt Extract Agar Medium Petri dishes. Conversely, the fast growing SSIs and the developed hybrid strains were screened for downward mycelial growth on paddy straw filled in wide mouth test tubes. Based upon downward mycelial growth, only eight SSIs and ten hybrid strains with numerically higher downward mycelial growth compared to two parents' checks were further evaluated for fruiting body yield on composted cotton ginning mill waste substrate under indoor conditions. Results: In successive yield evaluation trials (one preliminary and three full scale), hybrid strains VvH-11, VvH-13 and VvH-18 gave fruiting body yield higher than the two parents. Out of these hybrids, the yield distribution at different height (selves) in growing room was consistent in hybrid VvH-13 in trial-2, while rest two hybrids and parents showed significantly lower yield in lowest self (30 cm above floor level). The fruiting body weight also showed similar trend. The fruiting bodies from the highest yielding hybrid VvH-11 exhibited highest level of crude fiber (2.07%) and ash (10.95%) contents, while the hybrid VvH-13 giving consistent yield across growing room exhibited higher level of crude fiber (2.00 %), vitamin C (52.35 mg 100 g-1) and vitamin D (1434.7 µg 100 g-1). The third hybrid VvH-18 was superior in crude fiber (1.74%), manganese (22.46 ppm), selenium (0.26 ppm) and vitamin C (43.13 mg 100 g-1). All three hybrids exhibited lower fat (1.54 to 1.86 %) content compared to parents (2.54 to 2.59 %). Interpretation: High yielding hybrid strains can be developed in paddy straw mushroom (V. volvacea) through mating of slow growing SSIs, and their screening involving downward mycelial growth on paddy straw and repetitive grow out trials.
ABSTRACT
Spike fertility index (SF) has been well established as an ecophysiological trait related to grain number per unit area and a promising selection target in wheat breeding programs. Scarce information on the molecular basis of SF is available thus far. In this study, a preliminary molecular marker analysis was carried out in a RIL population derived from the cross between two Argentinean cultivars with contrasting SF to identify candidate genomic regions associated with SF. Twenty-four microsatellites and two functional markers that had been found to co-segregate with SF in a bulked-segregant analysis of the F3 generation of the population were analyzed. Phenotypic data were collected from three field experiments carried out during 2013, 2014 and 2015 growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Two genomic regions associated with SF in chromosomes 5BS and 7AS were detected, which merit further investigation.
El índice de fertilidad de espiga (FE) ha sido propuesto como un carácter ecofisiológico asociado con el número de granos por unidad de área y como criterio de selección prometedor para los programas de mejoramiento de trigo. Sin embargo, la información sobre las bases moleculares de la FE aún es escasa. En este estudio, se realizó un análisis preliminar de marcadores moleculares en una población RIL derivada del cruce entre dos cultivares argentinos con FE contrastante con el objetivo de identificar regiones genómicas candidatas asociadas con el carácter. Se analizaron 24 microsatélites y dos marcadores funcionales que se había encontrado que se co-segregaban con la FE en un análisis de segregantes en "bulk" en la generación F3 de la población. Se recopilaron datos fenotípicos de tres experimentos de campo llevados a cabo durante las temporadas de cultivo 2013, 2014 y 2015 en Balcarce, Argentina. Se detectaron dos regiones genómicas asociadas con la FE en los cromosomas 5BS y 7AS, que mostraron ser estables a través de los años de evaluación. Este trabajo aporta información novedosa acerca de las bases moleculares de la FE, las cuales deberán ser estudiadas con mayor profundidad.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Palms are an important component of Neotropical communities as they are often diverse and abundant. In some areas, palms occur in high density and act as limiting factor in tree recruitment by limiting tree seedling and sapling abundance. In this study, I evaluated the intensity of seed mortality caused by insects in Attalea geraensis, in a large area of preserved Cerrado (Serra do Cabral, MG, Brazil) during wet season when both A. geraensis fruits and bruchid beetles were abundant. I collected a total of 63 infructescences which had from 3 fruits and 7 seeds to 82 fruits and 251 seeds. Endocarps had from 1 to 6 seeds. Seed mortality per infructescence due to beetles (Pachymerus cardo) was intense, and increases positively and disproportionally according to seed number per infructescence. Besides that, average proportions of seeds preyed upon by insects were consistently high (> 0.83), irrespective of seed number per endocarp. Positive density-dependent seed mortality caused by specialized natural enemies has been assumed to promote species rarity, an important feature of species coexistence in Neotropical forests. Then, the intense seed mortality documented in this study suggests that seed predators may contribute to the richness and diversity of plant species in the Cerrado, the richest and most endangered savanna in the world.
Resumo Devido à abundância e diversidade, as palmeiras são um componente importante das comunidades neotropicais. Em algumas áreas as palmeiras ocorrem em elevada densidade, tornando-se um fator limitante ao recrutamento de árvores, por restringir a abundância de plântulas e árvores jovens. Neste estudo, avaliei a intensidade de mortalidade das sementes de Attalea geraensis , causada por insetos, em uma grande área preservada de Cerrado (Serra do Cabral, MG, Brasil), durante a estação chuvosa, quando frutos de A. geraensis e besouros predadores de sementes eram abundantes. Coletei um total de 63 infrutescências que tinham de 3 frutos e 7 sementes a 82 frutos e 251 sementes. Os endocarpos tinham de 1 a 6 sementes. Nas infrutescências a mortalidade das sementes causada por besouros (Pachymerus cardo) foi intensa e aumentou positiva e desproporcionalmente conforme o número de sementes por infrutescência. Além disso, independentemente do número de sementes por endocarpo, as proporções médias de sementes predadas por endocarpo foram consistentemente altas (> 0,83). A mortalidade densidade dependente positiva de sementes causada por inimigos naturais especializados é assumida como uma das principais causas da raridade das espécies vegetais, um fator importante para coexistência de espécies nas florestas neotropicais. Portanto, a intensa mortalidade de sementes documentada neste estudo sugere que predadores de sementes podem contribuir para a riqueza e diversidade de espécies de plantas no Cerrado, a savana mais rica e ameaçada do mundo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera/physiology , Food Chain , Arecaceae/physiology , Herbivory , Seeds/physiology , Brazil , GrasslandABSTRACT
Abstract Fire is a recurrent disturbance in savanna vegetation and savanna species are adapted to it. Even so, fire may affect various aspects of plant ecology, including phenology. We studied the effects of a spatially heterogeneous fire on the reproductive phenology of two dominant woody plant species, Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae) and Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae), in a savanna area in South-eastern Brazil. The study site was partially burnt by a dry-season accidental fire in August 2006, and we monitored the phenolology of 30 burnt and 30 unburnt individuals of each species between September 2007 and September 2008. We used restricted randomizations to assess phenological differences between the burnt and unburnt individuals. Fire had negative effects on the phenology of M. albicans, with a smaller production of reproductive structures in general and of floral buds, total fruits, and ripe fruits in burnt plants. All unburnt but only 16% of the burnt M. albicans plants produced ripe fruits during the study. Fire effects on S. vinosa were smaller, but there was a greater production of floral buds and fruits (but not ripe fruits) by burnt plants; approximately 90% of the individuals of S. vinosa produced ripe fruits during the study, regardless of having been burnt or not. The differences between the two species may be related to S. vinosa's faster growth and absence from the seed bank at the study site, whereas M. albicans grows more slowly and is dominant in the seed bank.
Resumo O fogo é uma perturbação recorrente em vegetação savânica e as espécies do cerrado são adaptadas a ele. Mesmo assim, o fogo pode afetar aspectos da ecologia vegetal, incluindo a fenologia. Nós estudamos os efeitos de um incêndio espacialmente heterogêneo sobre a fenologia reprodutiva de duas espécies lenhosas dominantes, Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae) e Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae), em uma área de cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil. A área de estudo foi parcialmente queimada por um incêndio acidental na estação seca (agosto) de 2006. Nós acompanhamos a fenologia reprodutiva de 30 indivíduos queimados e 30 não-queimados de cada espécie, de setembro de 2007 a setembro de 2008, usando aleatorizações restritas para comparar os dois grupos. Em M. albicans, a produção de estruturas reprodutivas como um todo e de botões florais, frutos e frutos maduros foi maior em indivíduos queimados do que nos não-queimados. Todos os indivíduos não-queimados, mas apenas 16% dos queimados, produziram frutos maduros durante o estudo. Já em S. vinosa, a produção de botões florais e de frutos (mas não de frutos maduros) foi maior em indivíduos queimados; aproximadamente 90% dos indivíduos de S. vinosa produziram frutos maduros durante o estudo, independentemente de terem sido queimados ou não. As diferenças entre as duas espécies podem estar relacionadas com o fato de S. vinosa crescer mais rápido e estar ausente do banco de sementes, ao contrário de M. albicans, de crescimento mais lento e dominante no banco de sementes.
Subject(s)
Seasons , Grassland , Araliaceae/growth & development , Melastomataceae/growth & development , Fires , Brazil , Araliaceae/anatomy & histology , Melastomataceae/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Neolentinus ponderosus y N. lepideus son dos especies de hongos saprobios que poseen uso alimenticio tradicional en comunidades de los departamentos de Huehuetenango y Totonicapán, Guatemala. La capacidad degradadora de ambas especies les confiere potencial para el estudio de la producción de cuerpos fructíferos a nivel de sustrato, por lo que en esta investigación se evaluó el crecimiento de una cepa nativa de N. ponderosus y una de N. lepideus en el medio de cultivo agar extracto de malta (EMA) a diferente pH y también se estudió la degradación de la madera de dos especies de pino (Pinus tecunumanii y P. ayacahuite) en cámaras de podredumbre durante 12 meses. El mayor diámetro de crecimiento miceliar de la cepa N. ponderosus se observó a pH 7.0, en tanto que para N. lepideus se obtuvo a pH 5.0 y 5.6. Las colonias de ambas cepas evidenciaron textura afelpada, borde regular a irregular, color blanco, con o sin pigmento difusible, olor frutal, hifas de 1.0-5.0 µm de diámetro, con clamidosporas y fíbulas. La madera de P. tecunumanii degradada por la cepa de N. ponderosus y la madera de P. ayacahuite por la cepa N. lepideus, presentaron porcentajes de pérdida de peso de 8.76 (±5.58) y 12.07 (±5.66), respectivamente y en ambos casos se alcanzó solamente el estadio temprano de degradación. Los resultados de este estudio sientan las bases para investigaciones posteriores en los que se evalúe el cultivo en troncos de ambas especies para la producción de cuerpos fructíferos con fines alimenticios y comerciales
Neolentinus ponderosus and N. lepideus are two saprophytic fungi species used traditionally in Huehuetenango and Totonicapán, Guatemala. The degradative capacity of both species confers them potential for fruiting bodies production. This study evaluated the mycelial growth of two native strains of N. ponderosus and N. lepideus in malt extract agar (EMA) at different pH and the degradation of wood from two pine species in rot chambers during 12 months. pH 7.0 was the most appropriate for the mycelial growth of N. ponderosus and for N. lepideus were 5.0 and 5.6. The colonies of both strains showed fruity odor, velvety texture, regular to irregular edge, white color, with or without diffusible pigment, hyphae with 1-5 µm width, chlamydospores and clamp connections. Wood from Pinus tecunumanii and P. ayacahuite exhibit weight-loss percentages between 8.76 ± 5.58 and 12.07 ± 5.66, with N. ponderosus 145.2003 and N. lepideus 90.2002, respectively. In both cases reached the early stage of brown-rot decay. These results could be useful for future research that evaluate the fruiting bodies production in logs for food and commercial purposes
ABSTRACT
Abstract This paper briefly reports some effects of irrigations at two critical periods on the phenology of three varieties of cactus pear cultivated in Agadir area: the spineless varieties 'Aissa' and 'Moussa' and the thorny one 'Achefri'. In the first year experiments (2010-2011) treatments of irrigation used were: (T1) 0 mm, (T2) 30 mm during flowering and 30 mm during fruit enlargement and (T3) 30 mm only during fruit enlargement. In the 2nd year experiments, irrigation treatments were: (T1) 0 mm, (T2) 60 mm during flowering and 60 mm during fruit enlargement and (T3) 60 mm only during fruit enlargement. Treatments of irrigation were applied between mid-April and mid-June in the 1st year experiments and in February and May in the 2nd year experiments. Results of the first year experiments showed that the emission of buds was higher in the thorny variety than in the spineless ones (more than 6 emitted buds/cladode vs less than 4.5 in the spineless varieties). In the second year, irrigation increased the emission of buds in the three varieties (more than 7 emitted buds/cladode for each T2 and T3 of all varieties vs not more than 5 for T1) and the duration of the flowering phase of these varieties. However, irrigation did not modify the proportions of fruits reaching commercial maturity during the early or the late period of maturation.
Resumo Este artigo relatou brevemente alguns efeitos das irrigações em dois períodos críticos na fenologia de três variedades de Opuntia cultivadas na área de Agadir: as variedades sem espinhos 'Aissa' e 'Moussa' e um espinhoso 'Achefri'. No primeiro ano (2010-2011) os seguintes tratamentos do experimento da irrigação foram usados: (T1) 0 milímetros, (T2) 30 milímetros durante a florescência e 30 milímetros durante a ampliação do fruto e (T3) 30 milímetros somente durante a ampliação do fruto. No segundo ano das experiências, os tratamentos da irrigação foram: (T1, 0 milímetros), (T2) 60 milímetros durante a florescência e 60 milímetros durante a ampliação do fruto e (T3) 60 milímetros somente durante a ampliação do fruto. Os tratamentos da irrigação foram aplicados entre a metade de abril e metade de junho nas experiências do primeira ano e em fevereiro e maio nas experiências do segundo ano. Os resultados das experiências do primeiro ano mostraram que a emissão de brotos foi maior na variedade espinhosa do que no rufia (mais de 6 emitida gomos/cladode vs inferior a 4,5 no rufia variedades). No segundo ano, a irrigação aumentou a emissão dos botões nas três variedades (mais de 7 botões emitidos/cladÓdio para cada T2 e T3 de todas as variedades não mais que 5 para o T1) e a duração da fase de florescência destas variedades. Contudo, a irrigação não alterou as proporções de frutos que alcançaram a maturidade comercial durante o período adiantado ou atrasado de maturação.
Subject(s)
Opuntia/growth & development , Flowers/growth & development , Agricultural Irrigation , Fruit/growth & development , Phenols/chemistry , Seasons , Water , Germination/physiology , Opuntia/chemistry , Flowers/chemistry , Fruit/chemistryABSTRACT
Abstract Climate is one of the main factors that affect plant behavior. The phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl, which is a small tree used for reforestation of degraded areas, was monitored for 18 months in a riparian forest at the Schmidt Stream, Campo Bom, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vegetative (leaf fall and leaf flushing) and reproductive events were observed, with the latter divided into flowering (flower buds and anthesis) and fruiting (unripe, ripening and ripe fruit). Phenological events were related to temperature, photoperiod and precipitation and their seasonality was verified by circular statistical analysis. Vegetative phenophases were continuous; they were not related to climate factors and presented low intensity, emphasizing the perennial aspect of the species. Flowering occurred during spring and summer. Both flower buds and anthesis were related to temperature and photoperiod. Fruiting was constant and went through all stages of development. Unripe fruits developed during the months with the lowest photoperiod and ripen more intensely in winter, on colder days. Ripe fruit became available for dispersal in spring, in times of longer photoperiod and higher temperatures. Except for leaf fall, all other phenological events showed seasonality in their manifestation. The one-month difference between the onsets of the flowering phases observed in this study indicated that local climate changes induced the early occurrence of this phenophase.
Resumo O clima é um dos principais fatores que condicionam o comportamento das plantas. A fenologia de Guarea macrophylla Vahl, arvoreta utilizada no reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, foi acompanhada durante 18 meses, em mata ciliar do arroio Schmidt, Campo Bom, RS, Brasil. Foram observados os eventos vegetativos (queda foliar e brotamento) e reprodutivos, separados em floração (botão floral e antese) e frutificação (frutos imaturos, maturando e maduros). Os eventos fenológicos foram relacionados à temperatura, ao fotoperíodo e à precipitação e a sua sazonalidade foi verificada por meio da análise estatística circular. As fenofases vegetativas foram contínuas, não se relacionaram com os fatores climáticos e apresentaram baixa intensidade, ressaltando a característica perene da espécie. A floração ocorreu durante a primavera e o verão e tanto botão floral quanto antese relacionaram-se com temperatura e fotoperíodo. A frutificação foi constante e passou por todos os estádios de desenvolvimento. Os frutos imaturos desenvolveram-se em meses com o menor fotoperíodo e maturaram mais intensamente no inverno, em dias de menor temperatura. Os frutos maduros tornaram-se disponíveis para os dispersores na primavera, em períodos com maior fotoperíodo e temperatura. Com exceção da queda foliar, todos os outros eventos fenológicos apresentaram sazonalidade em sua manifestação. O adiantamento de um mês entre as florações observadas no presente estudo indicou que as alterações climáticas locais de temperatura induziram a ocorrência antecipada dessa fenofase.
Subject(s)
Forests , Conservation of Natural Resources , Meliaceae/physiology , Temperature , Climate Change , Brazil , Photoperiod , Fruit/physiologyABSTRACT
This study was carried out by the methods of typical plots investigation and laboratory test aiming at analyzing the survival state and fruiting characteristics of three Sinopodophyllum hexandrum populations in different environmental habitats. Meanwhile, it could provide scientific basis for enhancing wild population quantity recovery. The results showed that more population quantity grow in the habitats of large-area gap (Population A) and bushes (Population C) with a majority of the young individuals, while the minor-area gap (Population B) was the opposite. The development tendency of S. hexandrum populations would be the recession in the future. Spatial distribution pattern of populations was clumped at small scales but random at large scales. The indexes of population A and C, as fruit size，the quantity and quality of seeds，germ inability，were all superior to those of population B. Comparing the mainly environment factors of three populations, that favorable environmental factors for vegetative and reproductive growth of S. hexandrum populations were found，especially certain lighting intensity and fertile soil. Therefore, the favorable environmental habitats for S. hexandrum individuals growth could be artificial to promote the recovery and quantities of S. hexandrum populations in the future.
ABSTRACT
The fruiting body pattern is an important agronomic trait of the edible fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, and an important breeding target. There are two types of fruiting body pattern: the cluster type and the chrysanthemum type. We identified the fruiting body pattern of 26 test strains, and then constructed two different near-isogenic pools. Then, we developed sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) molecular markers associated with the fruiting body pattern based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Ten different bands (189–522 bp) were amplified using 153 pairs of SRAP primers. The SCAR marker “SCL-18” consisted of a single 522-bp band amplified from the cluster-type strains, but not the chrysanthemum strains. This SCAR marker was closely associated with the cluster-type fruiting body trait of A. auricula-judae. These results lay the foundation for further research to locate and clone genes controlling the fruiting body pattern of A. auricula-judae.
Subject(s)
Breeding , Chrysanthemum , Cicatrix , Clone Cells , Fruit , FungiABSTRACT
AIM To study the chemical constituents from the fruiting bodies of Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer.METHODS The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract from A.biennis fruiting bodies was isolated and purified by silica,Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18 column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Six compounds were isolated and identified as (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3ββ-ol (1),(22E,24R)-5α,8α-epoxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (2),cerevisterol (3),(22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraen-3-one (4),1,3-dioleoyl-2-1inoleoylglycerol (5),cereboside B (6).CONCLUSION All the compounds are isolated from this fungus for the first time.
ABSTRACT
AIM To study the chemical constituents from the fruiting bodies of Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer.METHODS The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract from A.biennis fruiting bodies was isolated and purified by silica,Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18 column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Six compounds were isolated and identified as (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3ββ-ol (1),(22E,24R)-5α,8α-epoxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (2),cerevisterol (3),(22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraen-3-one (4),1,3-dioleoyl-2-1inoleoylglycerol (5),cereboside B (6).CONCLUSION All the compounds are isolated from this fungus for the first time.
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Coprinopsis cinerea was employed to investigate the fungal response to gravity. Mycelium growth revealed a consistent growth pattern, irrespective of the direction of gravity (i.e., horizontal vs. perpendicular). However, the fruiting body grew in the direction opposite to that of gravity once the primordia had formed. For the proteomic analysis, only curved-stem samples were used. Fifty-one proteins were identified and classified into 13 groups according to function. The major functional groups were hydrolases and transferases (16%), signal transduction (15%), oxidoreductases and isomerases (11%), carbohydrate metabolism (9%), and transport (5%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a proteomic approach to evaluate the molecular response of C. cinerea to gravity.
Subject(s)
Carbohydrate Metabolism , Fruit , Gravitation , Hydrolases , Isomerases , Mycelium , Oxidoreductases , Proteome , Signal Transduction , TransferasesABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the anti-tumor activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum on different tumor cells . Methods The MTT assay was adopted to detect the in vitro inhibition effect on 5 kinds of tumor cells .The inhibiting curve was drawn ,IC50 was calculated for reflecting the compound′s cytotoxic activity .Results The in vitro experiments demonstrated that three kinds of triterpenoids compound monomer showed different degrees of inhibition effect ,in which the inhibitory effect of gano-derenic acid Y was stronger ,its IC50 on H460 lung cancer cells was 22 .4 μmol/L ,followed by 7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z2 ,its IC50 was 43 .1 μmol/L .Conclusion Ganoderenic acid Y shows a strong inhibitory activity on H 460 lung cancer cells ,7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z2 shows a certain inhibitory activity on H 460 lung cancer cells ,moreover the inhibitory activity is dose dependent .The three com-pounds of ganoderenic acid Y ,7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z2 and ganoderon B have no activity or very weak activity to the other detected cell lines .The anti-lung cancer activity of ganoderenic acid Y and 7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z2 needs to be further deeply studied .
ABSTRACT
Abstract Climate is one of the main factors that affect plant behavior. The phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl, which is a small tree used for reforestation of degraded areas, was monitored for 18 months in a riparian forest at the Schmidt Stream, Campo Bom, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vegetative (leaf fall and leaf flushing) and reproductive events were observed, with the latter divided into flowering (flower buds and anthesis) and fruiting (unripe, ripening and ripe fruit). Phenological events were related to temperature, photoperiod and precipitation and their seasonality was verified by circular statistical analysis. Vegetative phenophases were continuous; they were not related to climate factors and presented low intensity, emphasizing the perennial aspect of the species. Flowering occurred during spring and summer. Both flower buds and anthesis were related to temperature and photoperiod. Fruiting was constant and went through all stages of development. Unripe fruits developed during the months with the lowest photoperiod and ripen more intensely in winter, on colder days. Ripe fruit became available for dispersal in spring, in times of longer photoperiod and higher temperatures. Except for leaf fall, all other phenological events showed seasonality in their manifestation. The one-month difference between the onsets of the flowering phases observed in this study indicated that local climate changes induced the early occurrence of this phenophase.
Resumo O clima é um dos principais fatores que condicionam o comportamento das plantas. A fenologia de Guarea macrophylla Vahl, arvoreta utilizada no reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, foi acompanhada durante 18 meses, em mata ciliar do arroio Schmidt, Campo Bom, RS, Brasil. Foram observados os eventos vegetativos (queda foliar e brotamento) e reprodutivos, separados em floração (botão floral e antese) e frutificação (frutos imaturos, maturando e maduros). Os eventos fenológicos foram relacionados à temperatura, ao fotoperíodo e à precipitação e a sua sazonalidade foi verificada por meio da análise estatística circular. As fenofases vegetativas foram contínuas, não se relacionaram com os fatores climáticos e apresentaram baixa intensidade, ressaltando a característica perene da espécie. A floração ocorreu durante a primavera e o verão e tanto botão floral quanto antese relacionaram-se com temperatura e fotoperíodo. A frutificação foi constante e passou por todos os estádios de desenvolvimento. Os frutos imaturos desenvolveram-se em meses com o menor fotoperíodo e maturaram mais intensamente no inverno, em dias de menor temperatura. Os frutos maduros tornaram-se disponíveis para os dispersores na primavera, em períodos com maior fotoperíodo e temperatura. Com exceção da queda foliar, todos os outros eventos fenológicos apresentaram sazonalidade em sua manifestação. O adiantamento de um mês entre as florações observadas no presente estudo indicou que as alterações climáticas locais de temperatura induziram a ocorrência antecipada dessa fenofase.
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Abstract Fire is a recurrent disturbance in savanna vegetation and savanna species are adapted to it. Even so, fire may affect various aspects of plant ecology, including phenology. We studied the effects of a spatially heterogeneous fire on the reproductive phenology of two dominant woody plant species, Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae) and Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae), in a savanna area in South-eastern Brazil. The study site was partially burnt by a dry-season accidental fire in August 2006, and we monitored the phenolology of 30 burnt and 30 unburnt individuals of each species between September 2007 and September 2008. We used restricted randomizations to assess phenological differences between the burnt and unburnt individuals. Fire had negative effects on the phenology of M. albicans, with a smaller production of reproductive structures in general and of floral buds, total fruits, and ripe fruits in burnt plants. All unburnt but only 16% of the burnt M. albicans plants produced ripe fruits during the study. Fire effects on S. vinosa were smaller, but there was a greater production of floral buds and fruits (but not ripe fruits) by burnt plants; approximately 90% of the individuals of S. vinosa produced ripe fruits during the study, regardless of having been burnt or not. The differences between the two species may be related to S. vinosas faster growth and absence from the seed bank at the study site, whereas M. albicans grows more slowly and is dominant in the seed bank.
Resumo O fogo é uma perturbação recorrente em vegetação savânica e as espécies do cerrado são adaptadas a ele. Mesmo assim, o fogo pode afetar aspectos da ecologia vegetal, incluindo a fenologia. Nós estudamos os efeitos de um incêndio espacialmente heterogêneo sobre a fenologia reprodutiva de duas espécies lenhosas dominantes, Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae) e Schefflera vinosa (Araliaceae), em uma área de cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil. A área de estudo foi parcialmente queimada por um incêndio acidental na estação seca (agosto) de 2006. Nós acompanhamos a fenologia reprodutiva de 30 indivíduos queimados e 30 não-queimados de cada espécie, de setembro de 2007 a setembro de 2008, usando aleatorizações restritas para comparar os dois grupos. Em M. albicans, a produção de estruturas reprodutivas como um todo e de botões florais, frutos e frutos maduros foi maior em indivíduos queimados do que nos não-queimados. Todos os indivíduos não-queimados, mas apenas 16% dos queimados, produziram frutos maduros durante o estudo. Já em S. vinosa, a produção de botões florais e de frutos (mas não de frutos maduros) foi maior em indivíduos queimados; aproximadamente 90% dos indivíduos de S. vinosa produziram frutos maduros durante o estudo, independentemente de terem sido queimados ou não. As diferenças entre as duas espécies podem estar relacionadas com o fato de S. vinosa crescer mais rápido e estar ausente do banco de sementes, ao contrário de M. albicans, de crescimento mais lento e dominante no banco de sementes.
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Abstract This paper briefly reports some effects of irrigations at two critical periods on the phenology of three varieties of cactus pear cultivated in Agadir area: the spineless varieties Aissa and Moussa and the thorny one Achefri. In the first year experiments (2010-2011) treatments of irrigation used were: (T1) 0 mm, (T2) 30 mm during flowering and 30 mm during fruit enlargement and (T3) 30 mm only during fruit enlargement. In the 2nd year experiments, irrigation treatments were: (T1) 0 mm, (T2) 60 mm during flowering and 60 mm during fruit enlargement and (T3) 60 mm only during fruit enlargement. Treatments of irrigation were applied between mid-April and mid-June in the 1st year experiments and in February and May in the 2nd year experiments. Results of the first year experiments showed that the emission of buds was higher in the thorny variety than in the spineless ones (more than 6 emitted buds/cladode vs less than 4.5 in the spineless varieties). In the second year, irrigation increased the emission of buds in the three varieties (more than 7 emitted buds/cladode for each T2 and T3 of all varieties vs not more than 5 for T1) and the duration of the flowering phase of these varieties. However, irrigation did not modify the proportions of fruits reaching commercial maturity during the early or the late period of maturation.
Resumo Este artigo relatou brevemente alguns efeitos das irrigações em dois períodos críticos na fenologia de três variedades de Opuntia cultivadas na área de Agadir: as variedades sem espinhos 'Aissa' e 'Moussa' e um espinhoso 'Achefri'. No primeiro ano (2010-2011) os seguintes tratamentos do experimento da irrigação foram usados: (T1) 0 milímetros, (T2) 30 milímetros durante a florescência e 30 milímetros durante a ampliação do fruto e (T3) 30 milímetros somente durante a ampliação do fruto. No segundo ano das experiências, os tratamentos da irrigação foram: (T1, 0 milímetros), (T2) 60 milímetros durante a florescência e 60 milímetros durante a ampliação do fruto e (T3) 60 milímetros somente durante a ampliação do fruto. Os tratamentos da irrigação foram aplicados entre a metade de abril e metade de junho nas experiências do primeira ano e em fevereiro e maio nas experiências do segundo ano. Os resultados das experiências do primeiro ano mostraram que a emissão de brotos foi maior na variedade espinhosa do que no rufia (mais de 6 emitida gomos/cladode vs inferior a 4,5 no rufia variedades). No segundo ano, a irrigação aumentou a emissão dos botões nas três variedades (mais de 7 botões emitidos/cladÓdio para cada T2 e T3 de todas as variedades não mais que 5 para o T1) e a duração da fase de florescência destas variedades. Contudo, a irrigação não alterou as proporções de frutos que alcançaram a maturidade comercial durante o período adiantado ou atrasado de maturação.
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Abstract Palms are an important component of Neotropical communities as they are often diverse and abundant. In some areas, palms occur in high density and act as limiting factor in tree recruitment by limiting tree seedling and sapling abundance. In this study, I evaluated the intensity of seed mortality caused by insects in Attalea geraensis, in a large area of preserved Cerrado (Serra do Cabral, MG, Brazil) during wet season when both A. geraensis fruits and bruchid beetles were abundant. I collected a total of 63 infructescences which had from 3 fruits and 7 seeds to 82 fruits and 251 seeds. Endocarps had from 1 to 6 seeds. Seed mortality per infructescence due to beetles (Pachymerus cardo) was intense, and increases positively and disproportionally according to seed number per infructescence. Besides that, average proportions of seeds preyed upon by insects were consistently high (> 0.83), irrespective of seed number per endocarp. Positive density-dependent seed mortality caused by specialized natural enemies has been assumed to promote species rarity, an important feature of species coexistence in Neotropical forests. Then, the intense seed mortality documented in this study suggests that seed predators may contribute to the richness and diversity of plant species in the Cerrado, the richest and most endangered savanna in the world.
Resumo Devido à abundância e diversidade, as palmeiras são um componente importante das comunidades neotropicais. Em algumas áreas as palmeiras ocorrem em elevada densidade, tornando-se um fator limitante ao recrutamento de árvores, por restringir a abundância de plântulas e árvores jovens. Neste estudo, avaliei a intensidade de mortalidade das sementes de Attalea geraensis , causada por insetos, em uma grande área preservada de Cerrado (Serra do Cabral, MG, Brasil), durante a estação chuvosa, quando frutos de A. geraensis e besouros predadores de sementes eram abundantes. Coletei um total de 63 infrutescências que tinham de 3 frutos e 7 sementes a 82 frutos e 251 sementes. Os endocarpos tinham de 1 a 6 sementes. Nas infrutescências a mortalidade das sementes causada por besouros (Pachymerus cardo) foi intensa e aumentou positiva e desproporcionalmente conforme o número de sementes por infrutescência. Além disso, independentemente do número de sementes por endocarpo, as proporções médias de sementes predadas por endocarpo foram consistentemente altas (> 0,83). A mortalidade densidade dependente positiva de sementes causada por inimigos naturais especializados é assumida como uma das principais causas da raridade das espécies vegetais, um fator importante para coexistência de espécies nas florestas neotropicais. Portanto, a intensa mortalidade de sementes documentada neste estudo sugere que predadores de sementes podem contribuir para a riqueza e diversidade de espécies de plantas no Cerrado, a savana mais rica e ameaçada do mundo.